ဝန္ဒာမိ

ဝန္ဒာမိ စေတိယံ သဗ္ဗံ၊ သဗ္ဗဋ္ဌာနေသု ပတိဋ္ဌိတံ။ ယေ စ ဒန္တာ အတီတာ စ၊ ယေ စ ဒန္တာ အနာဂတာ၊ ပစ္စုပ္ပန္နာ စ ယေ ဒန္တာ၊ သဗ္ဗေ ဝန္ဒာမိ တေ အဟံ။ vandāmi cetiyaṃ sabbaṃ, sabbaṭṭhānesu patiṭṭhitaṃ. Ye ca dantā atītā ca, ye ca dantā anāgatā, paccuppannā ca ye dantā, sabbe vandāmi te ahaṃ.

The Taxila Copperplate: A Priceless Record of Kushan-Era Buddhism



Discovery & Significance

In 1904 (2447 BE), Sir John Marshall unearthed a copperplate inscription at Taxila, Pakistan—one of the most important Buddhist epigraphic finds. Dating to 78 CE (Year 78 of the "Maharaja Moga" era), it reveals:

  1. Royal Patronage:

    • King Patika, son of the Kshatrapa Liaka Kusulaka, enshrined Buddha’s relics and built a monastery (sangharama) in Taxila.

    • Mentions Rohinimitra, the architect-supervisor—a rare nod to ancient engineers.

  2. Doctrinal Clarity:

    • Explicitly names the Buddha as "Śākyamuni", countering claims that Gandharan Buddhism was "non-historical."

  3. Geographical Proof:

    • Confirms Taxila’s ancient name (Takshashila) and its status as a Buddhist hub.




Key Inscription Details

  • Script: Kharoṣṭhī (used in NW India from 3rd c. BCE–3rd c. CE).

  • Language: Hybrid Sanskrit-Prakrit, typical of Kushan administrative texts.

  • Current LocationBritish Museum, London (Room 33).

Translation Highlights:

"In the 78th year of Maharaja Moga, on the 5th day of Panemos, Patika—son of Liaka Kusulaka, satrap of Taxila—established relics of the Bhagavān Śākyamuni and a monastery. [...] For the worship of all Buddhas, his parents, and the welfare of his family."


Why This Matters

  1. Kushan Chronology: The "Year 78" likely marks the start of the Kanishka era (still debated).

  2. Relic Cult: Shows lay-devotee kings funding stupas—a practice Ashoka pioneered.

  3. Global Legacy: Taxila’s multiculturalism (Greek, Persian, Indian) birthed Greco-Buddhist art.

Did You Know? The Kshatrapas were Saka rulers—proof of Buddhism’s appeal across ethnic lines!

(Source: Marshall’s Taxila: An Illustrated Account, 1951)

The Amitābha Buddha of Mathura: A Rare Pre-Mahāyāna Icon



Discovery of an Anomaly

On 14 August 1977 (2520 BE), Indian archaeologists unearthed a red sandstone Buddha statue base at Govindnagar, Mathura, inscribed in hybrid Sanskrit-Prakrit (Brahmi script). Dated to 104 CE (647 BE), it records:

"In the 26th year of Mahārāja Huvishka, on the 26th day of the 2nd month of spring, the merchant Nāgarakṣita—son of Buddhapila and grandson of Balakatta—installed this image of Bhagavān Buddha Amitābha for the worship of all Buddhas. By this merit, may all beings attain supreme enlightenment."


Why This Shakes Buddhist History

  1. Pre-Mahāyāna Amitābha:

    • Proves Amitābha devotion existed in India 1,800 years ago—centuries before Pure Land Buddhism flourished in China.

    • Challenges the assumption that Amitābha was "invented" in Central Asia or China.

  2. Kushan-Era Pluralism:

    • Under King Huvishka (r. 150–180 CE), Mathura’s workshops produced images of AmitābhaMaitreya, and Śākyamuni—showing early Mahāyāna’s roots in mainstream Buddhism.

  3. Merchant Patronage:

    • The donor Nāgarakṣita ("City-Protected") reflects lay-driven cults, akin to later Silk Road Pure Land communities.


The Forgotten Trail

  • Xuanzang’s Silence: The 7th-century pilgrim noted Amitābha’s absence in India—yet this inscription predates him by 500 years.

  • Mathura’s Hidden Legacy: The statue itself is lost, but its base (now in Mathura Museum) hints at a vanished Amitābha cult absorbed into later Mahāyāna.

Did You Know? The date aligns with Kanishka’s era (78 CE start), suggesting Amitābha worship began under the Kushans!


Amitābha vs. Amitābh Bachchan

While Bollywood’s Amitābh Bachchan eclipsed the Buddha in modern India, this artifact whispers: "The ‘Buddha of Infinite Light’ was here first."

Where to See It: Mathura Museum’s Kushan Gallery—where a broken stone speaks louder than scriptures.

(Source: Epigraphia Indica, Vol. 39, 1971–72)

In_the_sound_itself_isn't_it_free_from_good_and_bad...

"Look at the Dependent Origination taught by the Buddha - from ignorance to aging-death. Reaching aging-sickness-death is #due_to_ignorance. It's unwise attention.

Wrongly perceiving mind-matter as beings, seeing them as princes and princesses, as humans, devas, or brahmas - isn't this unwise attention?

For one who sees mind-matter as it is, isn't this taught as right attention? #Isn't_this_wisdom? Think about it.

When seeing mind-matter, do you still find beings? Do you still find insults? If not found, can anger arise? When turning to the aggregates, aren't you increasingly freed? #This_is_temporary_cessation.

Material form, like sound, doesn't it cease after being heard? Doesn't the knowing mind also cease? Do you find mind-matter or impermanence? Isn't this taught as 'characteristic of impermanence, truth of suffering'?

Therefore, #non-existence_is_impermanence_knowing_is_path. Likes and dislikes arise from wrong attention.

With ignorance conditioning wrong attention, doesn't it end in aging-death? But with right attention: 'With the complete fading away of ignorance, formations cease.'

When ignorance ceases, do formations come? Past formations, present kamma - think about it. When ignorance ceases, do craving and clinging still come? Don't the defilements cycle cease? When defilements cease, doesn't the kamma cycle cease?

Will there be future aggregates? #Isn't_this_non-birth? Without aggregates, isn't there peace? Without defilements, isn't there coolness? #There_is_only_the_nature_of_peace_and_coolness.

We need precise understanding in seeing and hearing. Hearing 'insult' is wrong attention. Hearing 'sound' is right attention.

Take a couple who married due to past connections. After several years and children, they face difficulties and fight. They separate. After some months, others help reconcile them. They ask: 'How many times have you separated?' 'Four times, but now we're stable.'

'When eating, don't you accidentally bite your tongue? Why did you bite it?' 'It was accidental.' 'This too was accidental, be patient.'

With understanding from both sides, don't they reunite? If there was real hatred, could they unite? If there was real love, would they fight?

Search the woman - no inherent lovability. Search the man - no inherent lovability. #It's_wrong_attention_of_our_mind. Consider - free from love and hate.

This is #its_natural_characteristic. Sound too is natural, free from good and bad. Finding a sound harsh or pleasant happens in one's mind. #In_the_sound_itself_isn't_it_free_from_good_and_bad..."

Sadhu! Together let us keep the Dharma wheel rolling.

The analogy of taste experiences

"Try eating hot chili. When you eat it, do you find the chili or the spiciness? You find the spiciness. When someone who can't handle spicy food accidentally eats it, don't they spit it out? They spit it out because it's unpleasant.

But for someone who loves spicy food, if they can't have chili, they feel unsatisfied. When they get to eat it, aren't they delighted? #One_person's_experience_differs_from_another's.

Yet if a hundred different people taste the spiciness, isn't the spicy nature the same? That's #the_nature_of_spiciness. Does this spiciness discriminate between making you feel good or bad? It's free from both good and bad - it's just its nature.

Consider bitter herbs. Someone who dislikes bitterness spits it out when accidentally tasting it. But someone who likes bitter herbs finds it delightful. Are these two experiences the same? #The_bitter_taste_shows_no_favoritism though the bitterness is identical for both.

This is #happening_in_their_minds. #Observe_that_mind carefully. Isn't it taught that mastering the mind brings happiness? This is crucial.

#Examine_all_six_sense_doors this way. With sweet tastes, some find it pleasant, others don't. With bitter tastes, some enjoy it, others don't. Study this.

Looking at natural phenomena: When seeing, there's just visible form. Does the form itself contain like or dislike? In sounds? In smells? In tastes? In touches? This is #wisdom_of_natural_phenomena.

When examining these arising phenomena, don't they all cease? Can you find anything in what has ceased? #Both_the_equanimous_mind_and_the_judging_mind_are_impermanent.

Whether rich or poor, middle class - don't all die? Is death good or bad? The wealthy can't escape aging, sickness, death. What truth is this? (Suffering truth, Lord).

Whatever arises - good or bad - #isn't_it_taught_all_formations_are_impermanent? Everything ends in impermanence - wealth, poverty, middle status.

For one who understands the Four Noble Truths through the three characteristics (impermanence, suffering, non-self), isn't this the path, fruition, and Nibbana? #Only_this_wisdom_leads_to_the_summit. Isn't this worth studying?"

"When you hear Dhamma and it fades, search within yourself - isn't it taught that you'll find Dhamma there? When_you_know_its_true_nature_truth_emerges. Following likes and dislikes won't lead to truth.

Just as spiciness shows no favoritism, neither do forms. Study all six sense doors this way. Isn't it taught as arising and passing away?

Everything is taught as 'sabbe sankhara anicca' - all formations are impermanent. Whatever arises, you need to know it as "impermanence." #Can_you_know_impermanence_without_knowledge_of_characteristics? You need direct knowledge to distinguish concepts from ultimate realities, breaking wrong view first through understanding, then through development.

When you turn to the aggregates, don't they change and perish? If perishable, permanent or impermanent? Is impermanence pleasant or suffering? Is this suffering under anyone's control? Does it follow beings' wishes? Isn't it taught as non-self?

When you see impermanence, do you find mind-matter? When you see suffering, do you find mind-matter? When you see non-self, do you find mind-matter? Don't you need to distinguish between characteristics and mind-matter? This_is_full_understanding_by_investigation.

When impermanence, suffering, and non-self combine, isn't it taught as arising-passing? What truth is this? (Suffering truth, Lord). Don't you need to know this truly? When truth is known, doesn't falsehood vanish? This_is_knowledge_of_things_as_they_really_are.

With continued practice, seeing only arising-passing, knowledge matures. Doesn't the mind want liberation from aggregates? #This_is_knowledge_of_disenchantment.

Searching the whole body, can you find even a needle-point of happiness? If not found, isn't it determined as complete suffering?

At this point, don't the three moral factors of the path enter - right speech, action, livelihood? Combined with five insight knowledges, aren't there eight? At this time, are aggregates still found? Arising-passing still found? Isn't_this_taught_as_supramundane?

Stream-entry path and fruition - isn't it worth examining what's eliminated? Wrong view and doubt are eliminated as latent defilements. When these are gone, do mental actions still come? Physical and verbal actions? If not, aren't actions leading to lower realms finished? #This_is_full_understanding_as_abandoning.

For one who gains these three understandings (direct knowledge, investigation, abandoning), countless past unwholesome actions from beginningless samsara - don't they all turn to ashes? Can they still give results? Don't_they_all_become_ineffective_kamma?

This is what we must strive to achieve."

Sadhu! Together let us keep the Dharma wheel rolling.

Turning knowledge to the aggregates

"Consider the Mogok Sayadaw's teaching: 'Ears hear the Dhamma, wisdom turns to the aggregates.' When greed, anger, and delusion arise, #are_we_turning_to_the_aggregates_or_not?

People see beings and bodies, thus greed, anger, and delusion arise. #Would_these_arise_if_we_saw_aggregates? Isn't it taught 'Ears hear Dhamma, wisdom turns to aggregates'? #Faith_is_needed.

Isn't it taught that five factors lead to path-knowledge:
1. Faith
2. Health
3. Straightforwardness
4. Strong effort
5. Insight into arising and passing of mind-matter?

In Ñātapariññā, isn't it taught to observe arising-passing of five aggregates when sense objects meet sense doors? How clear this is! Whether sitting, walking, standing, or lying down - all for knowing aggregates. #When_aggregates_are_known_in_six_sense_doors_identity_view_breaks.

The five aggregates as objects of observation - don't they cease after being seen? Permanent or impermanent? When impermanence characteristic and suffering truth are truly known, doesn't wrong view cease? Does craving come? Clinging? Kamma? Don't the three types of Dependent Origination break?

When impermanence characteristic and suffering truth are known:
- Sensual and becoming taints cease
- When aggregates are known, wrong view and ignorance taints cease
- Don't all four taints end?
- When they end, doesn't origin of suffering die?
- Doesn't the cycle of aggregates end?
- #This_is_cessation_truth

We must strive to reach this state..."

This teaching emphasizes the importance of directly knowing the five aggregates to break free from the cycle of suffering.

Sadhu! Together let us keep the Dharma wheel rolling.

The priority of Dhamma knowledge and liberation

"Isn't it taught that #knowing_Dhamma_is_number_one, and livelihood is number two? Isn't livelihood secondary to Dhamma knowledge? Similarly, knowing Dhamma is first, giving (dāna) is second.

#Donations_made_after_knowing_Dhamma_lead_to_magga_and_nirodha. Donations made without knowledge lead to samudaya and dukkha - they're puññābhisaṅkhāra, āneñjābhisaṅkhāra, and apuññābhisaṅkhāra, aren't they?

Even if one gains brahma existence, does it free one from aging, sickness, and death? For devas? For humans? How frightening this is!

When giving after knowing the Truth, one wants freedom from the aggregates. #Giving_to_be_free_from_suffering.

What should we know? The present moment of seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching, knowing - that's the second frame. Isn't this taught as consciousness, mind-matter, six sense bases, contact, feeling?

#Are_these_beings_or_five_aggregates? When analyzed, they're five aggregates. Can any being with aggregates escape aging, sickness, and death? What truth is this? (It's the Truth of Suffering, Lord).

When truly knowing dukkha sacca, isn't it called vijjā? Or sammā diṭṭhi? Doesn't micchā diṭṭhi cease? When vijjā arises, doesn't avijjā cease?

When avijjā ceases, does taṇhā still come? Without taṇhā, can upādāna arise? #Doesn't_the_cycle_of_defilements_cease?

See, practicing Dhamma is for ceasing the cycle of defilements. Is there anything else besides this? Think about it. Isn't this worth investigating? The main point is ceasing the cycle of defilements..."

Sadhu! Together let us keep the Dharma wheel rolling.
Sao Dhammasami Siridantamahāpālaka 
Ph.D(Candidate),M.A,B.A(Pali) Master Trainer (The European International University ) 
The International Buddhist Studies College ,MCU

Definition of Samsara in Buddhist Philosophy

Samsara, in Buddhist philosophy, refers to the endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. This cycle is driven by our strong attachments and desires for worldly things. It's rooted in the idea of impermanence, where Samsara represents the fundamental nature of life, filled with suffering and fleetingness. According to Buddhist teachings, the cycle of Samsara is perpetuated by the "three poisons" – ignorance, craving, and aversion. These poisons lead to karmic actions and subsequent rebirths. To escape Samsara, one must develop wisdom, ethical conduct, and mindfulness through practices like meditation and following the Noble Eightfold Path. By recognizing the ego's illusions and letting go of worldly desires, individuals can break free from Samsara and attain enlightenment.The concept of Samsara is a complex and multifaceted one, encompassing not only the physical process of birth and death but also the deeper, psychological aspects of our existence. It's a constant interplay between our actions, motivations, and the karmic consequences that shape our experiences. Samsara is not simply a mechanical cycle but a dynamic system influenced by our choices and perceptions. Within this cycle, we encounter a vast spectrum of experiences, from joy and pleasure to suffering and sorrow. While the Buddhist teachings recognize the inherent impermanence of all things, they also acknowledge the potential for meaningful experiences and positive growth within Samsara. The ultimate goal, however, remains liberation from this cycle – a state of enlightenment known as Nirvana.

The Buddhist path to liberation from samsara, the cycle of suffering and rebirth.

The Buddhist path to liberation from **samsara**, the cycle of suffering and rebirth. 1. The Goal: Nibbanic Bliss Buddhism aims to achieve **Nibbana**, a state of ultimate peace and liberation from suffering. This is attained through understanding and practicing the teachings. 2. Key Doctrines: Five Aggregates: These are the five components of our experience (form, feeling, perception, mental formations, and consciousness). Understanding them helps us see the impermanent and illusory nature of our experience. Twelve Ayatanas: These are the twelve "sense spheres" that connect us to the world (six senses, six objects). By recognizing their interconnectedness, we can break free from clinging to them. Eighteen Dhatus: This doctrine expands on the Twelve Ayatanas by adding six types of consciousness (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and mental). It helps us understand how our senses and consciousness interact to create our experience. Four Noble Truths (Saccas): These are the core truths about suffering (Dukkha), its cause (Tanha - craving), its cessation (Nirvana), and the path to its cessation (the Eightfold Path).
Law of Dependent Origination: This principle explains the interconnectedness of all phenomena and how suffering arises from a chain of causes and conditions. By understanding this law, we can identify and break the cycle of suffering. 3. The Eightfold Path: The Eightfold Path is the practical guide to liberation. It includes: 1. Right Understanding: Understanding the true nature of reality and suffering. 2. Right Thought: Cultivating positive and wholesome thoughts. 3. Right Speech: Speaking truthfully and kindly. 4. Right Action: Acting with compassion and non-violence. 5. Right Livelihood: Choosing a way of life that aligns with ethical principles. 6. Right Effort: Working diligently to overcome negative tendencies. 7. Right Mindfulness: Being aware of the present moment without judgment. 8. Right Concentration: Developing focus and mental stability. 4. The Importance of Meditation: Practices like **Vipassana meditation** help us see the interconnectedness of things and understand the cycle of suffering (dependent origination), ultimately leading to liberation.
5. The Cycle of Suffering: Samsara is a cycle driven by craving, attachment, and ignorance. Through practicing the Eightfold Path and understanding the underlying principles, we can break free from this cycle and achieve true liberation. In essence: Buddhism offers a structured path to escape the endless cycle of suffering through self-awareness, ethical conduct, and mental discipline. This path leads to liberation, freeing us from the grip of samsara and reaching a state of lasting peace and enlightenment. Sao Dhammasami Ph.D (Candidate) ,M.A,B.A(Pali),Master Trainer (EIU) The International Buddhist Studies College,MCU