The Sarvāstivādin Doctrine: "All Things Exist"
From 200 BE (3rd century BCE), Buddhism split into 18 schools over doctrinal disputes. Among them, the Sarvāstivādins (Sanskrit: Sarvāstivāda; Pali: Sabbatthivāda) asserted:
"Sarva" (all) + "asti" (exists) + "vāda" (doctrine) = "The theory that all phenomena (past, present, future) have real existence."
Contrasted with Theravada’s "momentariness" (only the present exists).
Archaeological Proof at Mathura (1863 CE / 2406 BE)
Alexander Cunningham’s excavation at Katra Mound, Mathura uncovered a Buddha statue base with a hybrid Sanskrit-Prakrit inscription:
"This Bodhisattva image was donated by the laywoman Nanda of the Kshatrapa clan, for the welfare of all beings—[dedicated] to the teachers of the Sarvāstivādin school."
Why This Matters:
Sectarian Identity: Confirms Sarvāstivādin dominance in Mathura, a Kushan-era hub.
Lay Devotion: Shows women like Nanda patronized art, bridging caste (Kshatrapa) and spiritual worlds.
Linguistic Shift: Uses Sanskrit (not Pali), reflecting the school’s scholarly bent.
The Bigger Picture
Global Reach: By 400 CE, Sarvāstivādin texts reached China via Silk Road, shaping Mahayana.
Legacy: Their Abhidharma texts (e.g., Mahāvibhāṣā) remain key in Tibetan Buddhism.
Fragmentary but Profound: Though only a base survives, its 4 lines reveal:
A laywoman’s piety.
A sect’s philosophical stance.
The multicultural fabric of ancient Mathura.
(Source: Cunningham’s reports, now in the Indian Museum, Kolkata)
Did You know? The Kshatrapas were Saka rulers—proof of Buddhism’s appeal across ethnic lines!
